PhD Studentship - The John Kent Institute

Today Bournemouth University is launching the John Kent Institute in Tourism (JKIT) in a function in London. The John Kent Institute in Tourism was established in November 2009 through a gift made to the University by one of the world's leading tourism entrepreneurs, John Kent. This new BU-based Institute will fund a considerable number of PhD studentships in tourism research, starting with eleven PhDs over the next four years. The School of Services Management is respected globally as a centre of excellence for tourism study and research; it boasts the largest cohort of postgraduate tourism students in the UK and is home to the International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research (ICTHR), one of the leading research centres of its kind in the world. The new Institute will complement the work of this Centre by attracting high-calibre PhD students to BU.

In 2010, the JKIT is awarding four studentships from 11 research areas. I am involved in the supervision of one of the areas as part of the supervisory team for the project entitled Consumers as producers: the dimensions of consumer-to-consumer co-creation in the event experience. A more detailed description of the project is shown below.

If you think you have (or know someone who has):

• outstanding qualities and be motivated to complete a PhD in 3 years
• an honours degree at Upper Second Class (2.1) and/or an appropriate Masters degree
• an IELTS (Academic) score of 6.5 minimum

and, of course, if you are enthusiastic about this research idea, I strongly encourage you (or someone you know) to apply to this studentship.

The application deadline for all studentships is 30 April 2010. For further information go to the John Kent Institute in Tourism page

Miguel

Project Description

Consumers as producers: the dimensions of consumer-to-consumer co-creation in the event experience.

Over the past ten years, many authors have emphasised that western societies have moved on from the 'service economy' to the 'experience economy'. The experience concept emphasises the importance of emotions and the meanings associated with these emotions. The emphasis has, thus, shifted from the technical performance of what is produced to the individual and notably the emotions and personal transformation that result from experiences. Despite the emergence of the 'experience economy', research within consumer experiences is still in its infancy.

From a marketing point of view, the design of products that encapsulate the features of an experience has been hampered by the limited conceptual understanding of what leads to a good experience. The general contention is that experiences result from an individual's interaction with stimuli, which can be divided in to three: the setting, the staff and other participants. While research from an experience point of view is scarce in relation to these three categories, the first two types of stimuli have been the focus of past research through the concept of service quality. The third category has been much less researched, despite its critical importance in the experience of certain product categories such as events and festivals.

Unlike many other products, events are consumed by groups of people who come together to celebrate, honour, discuss, sell, teach about, encourage, observe, or influence human endeavours. The 'social gathering' nature of events means that the interaction between event participants takes on a critical role in shaping the event experience. This interaction between participants implies that, unlike other product categories, the event experience results from both egoistic (the attendee as a consumer) and altruistic (the attendee as producer) behaviours. The recognition that attendees contribute to the construction of the experience leads to the concept of experience co-creation, which is explored in this research. Despite this importance, few studies have been carried out with the specific aim of looking at customer-to-customer interaction, as opposed to the co-creation of the experience with the business itself. Developed from a marketing perspective, this study will employ concepts of consumer psychology and product management to develop a model of co-creation in the event experience. A better understanding of the principles behind co-creation would greatly help experience marketers in planning for better experiences through influencing the co-creation process.

Thailand and Australia: Part I - Bangkok

I was abroad the first two weeks in February to attend CAUTHE10 in Hobart, Tasmania, with a stop in Bangkok on the way there to participate in international recruitment activities for Bournemouth University.

Bournemouth University is actively pursuing an internationalisation strategy with a view to attract more international students to study in our post-graduate programmes. The university has identified a range of countries where there is a tradition of studying abroad, one of which is Thailand. In the current academic year, there are around 90 Thai students at BU. The School of Services Management is one of the schools who contributes the most to this number. In the MSc Events Management alone, we have 7 students, around 18% of the total number of students.

I arrived in BKK on Tuesday (2^nd Feb) afternoon. After checking in, I met my friend Pim, who completed her PhD at BU a few years ago, and she took me to dinner on a boat along the Chao Phraya. The boat decoration was quite traditional which created an interesting atmosphere. The food wasn’t too bad and there was a dancing show which was entertaining to watch. Needless to say that at the end of the show all guests were invited to join the dance floor. The choreographies look easy, but they aren’t, especially when you have to bend your fingers backwards! Apparently, girls practice bending their fingers backwards from a young age and when at school girls, so that they can perform the traditional dance.

The next day was ‘acclimatisation’ day. There are 7 hours difference between London and Bangkok and it is a quite long flight (around 11 hours), thus it is wise to have a day to rest so that you deal with the jet leg and tiredness before you start doing any work. I used this day to visit some of the sights, notably the Temple of the Emerald Buddha and the Grand Palace. Both are a work of art (the pictures talk for themselves – see below). The trip from the hotel to the Palace was made by Tuc Tuc, the motor tricycle that can carry two people. Thais are very business savvy and needless to say that the driver wanted me to buy half the city – first he wanted to take me to a tailor to buy suits and then he ‘advised’ me on the best boat trip (I am sure he would earn a good commission, the price was expensive for Thailand standards...). You just have to be prepared to say ‘no’ and stick to it when they insist.

The palace is located not far from the river and after leaving the palace I started walking along the river through food markets located in (very) old warehouses. These (very run down looking) markets were an amazing experience nonetheless: the smells, the textures, the people are so different from what we have in the UK (or in Portugal). I think I walked through them for nearly 2 hours. Half way through I came through a Peer from where you could cross the river by boat. I did it at the cost of...5p (or 6 cents of the Euro)... That’s what you can call a ‘symbolic’ price for western standards. On the other side there was another very interesting attraction: ‘Wat Arun’. The temple is a quite interesting work of art and boasts good views over the city. The stairs are so steep that you must be very careful when going up and (especially) coming down! After Wat Arun, I returned to the hotel to spend the rest of the afternoon relaxing in the SPA.

Wat Arun Temple

Wat Arun Temple - Steep stairs

Wat Arun Temple - View from the Top

Dry-Smoked Fish Market

Thursday was the first day of work. The whole day was spent at Mahidol University. I was not alone, Pieter Funnekotter from BU’s International Office was there too. Pieter is the International Relations Office in charge of some of the Asian Markets, including Thailand. The morning started with a one hour guest lecture to students and staff of the tourism and hospitality courses @ MUIC (Mahidol University International College). The title of my presentation was “From Service to Experience: Event Managers as Emotion Engineers”. The audience was very engaged throughout and willing to participate in the discussion that ensued. After this session, we opened our stand in the ‘study abroad’ fair that the International College was staging on the day. The fair was quite busy with several dozens of students enquiring about BU (the fair was not restricted to tourism, it was for any area of study). The day ended with a meeting with the Vice-President International Relations of the University, to explore ways in which both universities can cooperate closer, including student and staff exchanges.The next day was spent visiting agents and doing some interviews to prospective students. This was an opportunity to understand in more detail how the recruitment process unfolds.

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Finally, on Saturday I spend the whole day attending British Council’s Annual Study Abroad Fair at the Plaza Athenee Bangkok Hotel. This is single most important recruitment event in Thailand and not surprisingly BU has its own stand there. While a bit tiring (what would you expect if you had to stand for nearly 8 hours!), I really enjoyed attending the fair and provide information about BU. The number of enquiries was high, with many of them about the School of Services Management, whether tourism, hospitality or events.

Me, Pieter and Pam at BU's stand

I was flying to Australia at around midnight on Saturday and could not stay for the second day of the fair. Before going to the airport, I still had time for a 1 hour foot and back massage. As you can imagine, after standing all day this was just very welcome!

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I really enjoyed my time in Bangkok and I am looking foward to return.

ESRC Bursary - The STORMING Initiative

The increasing importance and profile of sport tourism as a valuable field of research has been recognised by the Economic and Social Research Council (ERSC) in the United Kingdom, with the awarding of grant funding for a major international sport tourism project entitled ‘The STORMING Initiative’ - The Sport Tourism Opportunities for Research, Mobility and International Networking Group. The project, coordinated by Richard Shipway, a leading researcher in the field of sport tourism from Bournemouth University, is offering fifteen travel and conference bursaries for UK-based early career researchers to each attend one of three international sport tourism networking events. I have been awarded one of such bursaries and will be heading off down under to attend CAUTHE2010, the annual conference of the Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education. The conference takes place in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, between the 8th and 11th February. By attending the conference I hope to further develop research opportunities across existing and emerging international sport tourism networks with a view to contribute to further develop sport tourism research.

My research project is entitled “A logistic regression model for analyzing the determinants of golf tourists’ satisfaction”. Tourist satisfaction is a part of tourist behaviour that impacts on the competitiveness of golf tourism destinations and includes loyalty, word of mouth and complaint behaviour. The general contention is that satisfaction is a necessary condition for loyalty and positive word of mouth, and to avoid tourist complaints. Therefore, golf tourism destinations need to pay particular attention to not only how satisfied golf tourists are but also what factors determine their satisfaction. This research aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in this field by examining golf tourists’ satisfaction. This aim will be met through achieving three objectives: (1) to investigate the determinants of golf tourists’ satisfaction; (2) to critically evaluate the use of logistic regression in the context of golf tourists’ satisfaction; and (3) to examine the extent to which country of origin influences golf tourists’ satisfaction. A survey of golf tourists visiting Lisbon (Portugal) is used as a basis for achieving the objectives of this research.

BU Award for Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning

On the 15th December I received my award for an outstanding contribution to student learning. The Bournemouth University Awards for Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning recognises and celebrates staff whose activities have made a significant contribution to the quality of student learning in a specified area over a sustained period. My award was on "Innovative Assessment Practices: Client-Based Assessment and Waypoint".

My application for the BU Award for Outstanding Contribution to Student Learning was underpinnined in two assessment experiences. One of such experiences is the design of the Leisure/Event Innovation coursework, which is underpinned in the 'client-based assessment' concept. I have been working on improving this coursework for a number of years and much has been achieved. The coursework challenges and engages the students, while at the same provides them the opportunity to learn and practice important skills to their future professional success. The second experience involves using waypoint to provide student feedback. Waypoint is a software that provides organised, detailed and personalised feedback to students. BU’s corporate plan places emphasis on the student experience as a key performance indicator. Employing waypoint makes an important contribution to student experience by improving the quality of the feedback.

Visão Supplement on Post-Graduate Studies

I have finally managed to get a copy of Visão's Supplement on Post-Graduate Study in Portugal (Published in September), which features a report about how we use technology to support the learning and teaching process at BU. It also mentions some of the ways I use it in my own teaching practice, including the use of blogs and bank of comments software. The title of the report is 'A look at the future' and runs over two pages. Visão is the most read newsweek magazine in Portugal.

New Journal Article in ANATOLIA

Today I received the hardcopy of the paper published in ANATOLIA: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. The paper, entitled "The determinants of intention to purchase leisure travel over the Internet", was publised in Vol. 20, Number 2, pp. 345-358. This paper is still based on my PhD thesis.

ABTRACT: More than 10 years on since the launch of the Internet, there are clear differential levels of adoption of the Internet for purchasing leisure travel across countries. In some countries, such as Portugal, only a minority of travel purchasing is conducted over the Internet. This paper aims to contribute to a greater understanding of adoption of purchasing over the Internet by evaluating the determinants of intention to adopt the Internet for purchasing leisure travel. A number of variables are used to assess which factors influence intention, including the attributes of purchasing over the Internet (relative advantage and complexity), involvement, and the stage in the e-commerce adoption path. Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression were employed and the results indicated that relative advantage, involvement and stage in the e-commerce adoption path were important predictors of the intention to purchase leisure travel over the Internet, while complexity was not.

A note on current times...

Trying to make sense of the world where we live is one of my ongoing interests. My emphasis is trying to understand the reasons for the current economic (and social) situation. To be able to do this, one needs to take a step back and look at history. I am a firm believer that history repeats itself to a great extent. From time to time I come across certain sentences that are a great help to put things in to perspective. The first one, by Alexander Tyler, a Scottish historian, certainly gives you food for thought. If one accepts his view, which stage are we in? If you answer the question correctly, you know what is coming next... I have made my mind...

"A democracy is always temporary in nature; it simply cannot exist as a permanent form of government. A democracy will continue to exist up until the time that voters discover that they can vote themselves generous gifts from the public treasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates who promise the most benefits from the public treasury, with the result that every democracy will finally collapse due to loose fiscal policy, which is always followed by a dictatorship. The average age of the world's greatest civilizations from the beginning of history has been about 200 years. During those 200 years, these nations always progressed through the following sequence: from bondage to spiritual faith, from spiritual faith to great courage, from courage to liberty, from liberty to abundance, from abundance to selfishness, from selfishness to complacency from complacency to apathy, from apathy to dependency, from dependency back to bondage."

The second one is by Mahatma Gandhi

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“The things that will destroy us are, politics without principle, pleasure without conscience, wealth without work, knowledge without character, business without morality, science without humanity, and worship without sacrifice"

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Ask youself this questions about the western society:

* Do our politics have principles?

* Do we have pleasure with conscience?

* Is our wealth based on work?

* Do our businesses have a high moral standard?

* Is our science based on humanity principles?